初中語法精挑細講之動詞的語態

　　（十一）動詞的語態

　　1． 語態定義：英語中表示主語和謂語之間的關系的動詞形式稱為語態。英語的語態分為主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動) English is taught in our school .（被動）

　　2． 被動語態：助動詞Be + 及物動詞的過去分詞（be +p.p.），be有人稱、時態和數的變化。見下表：

　　時 態 謂語動詞的形式 例 子

　　一般現在時 Am / is / are + 動詞過去分詞 Colour TVs are made in the factory .

　　一般過去時 Was / were +動詞過去分詞 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .

　　一般將來時 Shall / will + be +動詞過去分詞 The film will be shown again .

　　現在進行時 Am / is / are + being +動詞過去分詞 The walls are being painted .

　　過去進行時 Was / were +being動詞過去分詞 The tickets were being well sold then .

　　現在完成時 Has / have + been + 動詞過去分詞 A new road has been built here .

　　時 態 謂語動詞的形式 例 子

　　過去完成時 Had + been +動詞過去分詞 Much had been done before mother came back .

　　含有情態動詞的被動語態 情態動詞＋be＋動詞過去分詞 The composition must be handed in today .

　　3． 被動語態中值得注意的問題：

　　○1 帶有雙賓語的動詞，可以把任何一個賓語變被動，一般在間接賓語前加適當的介詞。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

　　○2 英語中有些動詞用主動語態表示被動語態。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .

　　○3 在英語中有時"be + V-ed"結構并不是被動語態，而是系表結構。The mountains were covered with snow .

　　○4 在"主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語"的結構中，要補留賓語補足語。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.

　　○5 賓語補足語為省to的不定式，變為被動語態后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

　　○6 如果短語動詞是及物動詞時，可以用被動語態，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .

　　○7 下列情況不能用被動語態：

　　A． 不及物動詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .

　　B． 連系動詞： The girl looks like her sister .

　　C． 賓語為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .

　　D． 賓語為相互代詞：The students often help each other .

　　E． 同源賓語：At that time, they lived a happy life .

　　F． 表示狀態的及物動詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
 

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