來源:西安中考網 作者:西安中考網 2012-08-13 18:16:52
一、形容詞:用來說明或修飾名詞、代詞的詞稱為形容詞。
1、形容詞的句法作用:作句子中名詞的定語、句子的表語以及賓語補足語。
2、形容詞在句子中的位置:
1)、在句子中的位置以及作用
⑴作定語時放在名詞的前面,且音節少的詞放在音節多的詞之前。如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一個黃色的大木輪)
⑵作表語時放在連系動詞之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(這個價格聽起來算是合理)
⑶作賓語補足語時放在賓語之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環境清潔)
⑷后置的情況:
①修飾復合不定代詞時放在代詞之后。如:Something serious has happened to him.(他發生了嚴重的事故)
②與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠離”的詞連用時形容詞后置。如:He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬公里)
2) 、多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序:
代詞 |
數詞 |
性狀形容詞 |
||||||||
冠詞前的形容詞 |
冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 |
序數詞 |
基數詞 |
性質 狀態 |
大小 長短 形狀 |
新舊 溫度 |
顏色 |
國籍 產地 |
材料 質地 |
名詞 |
all both such |
the a this another your |
second next |
one four |
good poor |
large short square |
new cool |
black yellow |
Chinese London |
silk stone |
二、副詞
1、副詞:用來說明事情發生的時間、地點、原因、方式等含義或說明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。
2、副詞的分類(見下表):
1 | 時間副詞 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently |
2 | 地點副詞 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above |
3 | 方式副詞 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really |
4 | 程度副詞 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather |
5 | 頻度副詞 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
6 | 疑問副詞 | how, where, when, why |
7 | 連接副詞 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
8 | 關系副詞 | when, where, why |
3、副詞在句子中的位置以及作用:
(1)作狀語
1.時間副詞:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動詞的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀長城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們去過英王國兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
2.地點副詞:一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬的自行車朝各個方向流動) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
3.方式副詞:一般放在行為動之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動詞之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見了一絲亮光)
4.程度副詞:修飾動詞時,放在動詞之前;修飾形容詞或副詞時,放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動詞的后面;only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我幾乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)
5.頻度副詞:一般放在be動詞之后或者助動詞與主要動詞之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有時起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)
6.疑問副詞:用于對句子的狀語進行提問,位置總是在句首。如:When and where were you born?(你何時何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)
7.連接副詞:用來引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,在從句中作狀語。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個問題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)
8.關系副詞:用來引導定語從句,在從句中作狀語。如:This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經住過的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請告訴我你的英語是怎樣學得這么好的方法)
9.其它副詞:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在動詞前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前;on/off“開/關”放在動詞之后;not放在be之后、助動詞之后、不定式或動名詞之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或動詞之前。如:He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(湯姆沒有計算機,我也沒有。)
(2)作表語:
地點副詞一般可以作表語,放在be等連系動詞之后,說明人物所處的位置。如:I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開家鄉有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)
(3)作定語:
時間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點副詞都可以作名詞的定語,放在名詞的后面。如:People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現在的人們經常在餐館里吃節日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀20年代那兒的女人過著可怕的日子)
(4)作賓語補足語:
地點副詞一般可以作賓語補足語。如:Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開!它們在散發著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關在家里做作業)
[注意] “動詞+副詞”的賓語如果是代詞,則該副詞應該放在代詞之后。如:He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫了下來。)
==形容詞變副詞的規律
a.一般的形容詞在結尾加ly變為副詞。例如:careful-carefully
b.以元音加e結尾的單詞要去e在加ly。例如:true-truly
c.輔音加y結尾的單詞去y變i在加ly。例如:angry-angrily
d.單音節y結尾直接加ly。例如:shy-shyly
e.以le結尾的單詞直接將e變為y。例如:terrible-terribly
f.形容詞、副詞同形:hard, fast, friendly, late, early, lovely, long。這部分請同學們注意,其中很多單詞加ly之后就變成其他意思的單詞了。例如:hardly就變成“幾乎不”的意思,是小學階段五大隱形否定詞(few,little, never, seldom, hardly)之一。
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