來源:網絡資源 2022-11-22 19:54:00
被動語態的用法
(1)被動語態定義:被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。如果主語是 動作的執行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態。主動與被動的區別不是詞序的區別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區別。在英語中只有及物動詞和一些相當于及物動詞的詞組才有被動語態的形式。
(2)英語中被動語態由“助動詞be +動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有時態、人稱和數的變化。被動語態后的by短語有時可省去。具體結構見下表:
[注] p.p.表示過去分詞。
(1) 被動語態的用法:
① 不知道誰是動作的執行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態,省略by短語。如:A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態,省略by短語。如:Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)
③強調動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如:It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)
(2) 主動語態如何改寫為被動語態:
(3) 注意點:
①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如:
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)
也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如:His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風箏→一個風箏由他的父親做給了他)
②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如:The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)
③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如:The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)
④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態,而可能是系表結構。如:
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關照/射中……)
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