2023年初中英語閱讀理解專題（二）

閱讀理解也是中考英語題的必考題目之一，本題型旨在考查學生閱讀，理解的能力，幾年來，中考英語題中的閱讀理解材料新，題材豐富，考查學生綜合推斷能力，根據語篇猜單詞意思的能力的力度加大，也考查學生關注細節的能力。所以學生往往要么沒能正確理解語篇中某些句子的意思，在細節題上丟分，要么就是對語篇的整體把握不夠，在綜合題或者推斷題方面丟分。那么到底怎么做好閱讀理解這一題型呢?我將從以下三個方面談論這個問題：

一、解題思路

(一)先讀問題，弄清考查要點，以便能帶著問題看文章，這樣會心中有數，有的放矢。在讀題的時候劃出題目的關鍵詞。(二)快速瀏覽全文，掌握全貌，注意發現與問題有關的信息，如果時間緊，至少要掃視一下起首段和尾段。再把標題和文章內容結合起來想一想，這樣全文大意便清楚了。此時，不要忙于答題。

(三)細讀原文，捕捉相關信息詞，掌握短文細節內容。這是解題的關鍵，應特別注意以下幾點：1. 抓住四個"W"和一個"H"，就是邊讀邊用鉛筆做些標記，把What (事件)，When(時間)，Where(地點)，Why(原因)，How(經過)劃出來。抓住了四個“W”和一個“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的問題便可解決。2.抓住連接詞及起關鍵作用的副詞、代詞、介詞、插入語等。因為這些詞具有因果，讓步，遞進，轉折，指代，列舉及承上啟下等各種連接上下文的特殊功能。這對考生分清文章層次，辨明各種關系，了解人物心理，推斷作者意圖，進行邏輯推理等手段來分析難點，都具有舉足輕重的作用。3. 注意領會文章的寓意。

4.根據題意，初選答案。這一步須仔細審題，領會測試要求，確定解題方法。對那些明顯的，有把握的題可以斷然確定，不必把其余三個答案再作推敲而浪費時間：有些略難的題，應再查閱短文(不是重讀一遍)，迅速找出依據，予以排除。常用的解題方法有如下幾種：① 直接解題法。即從原文中直接找出答案。② 歸納解題法。對于不能從原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和線索的前題下進行概括、歸納得出正確答案。

③ 綜合推理法。讀者需統觀全文，認真分析，綜合推理及至計算，最后歸納出正確答案。題干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼時，屬于推斷概括型，考查內容著眼于全篇，考生應具備一定的分析歸納，推理等邏輯思維能力。④ 捕捉關鍵詞。在閱讀時應該注意與問題相關的同義詞，近義詞，反義詞或同位詞等信息詞來得出正確答案。⑤同意轉換法。即原文這么說，而在問題和所選項中則用另外的詞去轉換一種說法，但仍表示同一含義。⑥ 排除法。根據語言，句法結構，信息詞和常識，在沒有把握的選項中用排除法得出正確答案。

四、重讀原文，仔細斟酌核對答案。在解完最后一道題后，如果時間允許，再將原文讀一遍;用全文的主題思想統率各思考題，研究其內在聯系和邏輯關系，目的在于對所做答案進一步審查，推出未解答的題，以便減少失誤。

二．閱讀理解題型及解題技巧

從近幾年的中考閱讀理解情況看，短文體裁多樣，題材各異，文章涉及科學知識、社會文化、政治歷史、人文環境和日常生活等方面，充分體現其時代性、實用性。短文難度逐年加大。常見題型有主旨題、細節題、推斷題、猜測詞義題和正誤判斷題。

做閱讀理解練習應先看問題，弄清考點。在閱讀短文之前，快速瀏覽問題，以便在閱讀短文時做到心中有數，快速、準確地捕捉所要信息。先易后難。做題時不必拘泥于書中所呈現的語篇順序，應遵循先易后難的原則。如可先做細節題再做推斷題，因為細節題大多能直接從文中找到答案，而推斷題則需對短文進行深層理解，再作判斷。

(一)主旨題

此類題型用以考查學生對文章主題或中心思想的領會和理解能力。其中一類題型為主旨問題。

1、主旨大意題題干常見的問句形式

1)主旨句設問類型What is the main idea of this passage?What does the passage maily talk about?We can conclude / learn from the passage that ……

2)最佳標題選擇類型The best title for this passage is ……

3)作者主旨意圖類型What does the writer want to tell us?Which can express the purpose of the writer according to the passage?

2、主旨大意題的解題方法

主旨大意題一定要注意文章的首尾兩段。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是兩段重復表明的語句內容表達。找出選項中與歸納的主旨表達重復最多的選項即為最佳答案。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達不一致，則需要觀察文章的段落篇幅量是傾向于首段或是尾段，從而確定主旨段落。在此過程中，觀察篇幅量只需跳讀文章段落的首句尾句即可，無需細讀段落內容，以節省時間。如果文章只有一段，則注意文章的首兩句及尾句，然后用以上的方法確定主旨句。

此外，標題選擇即為主旨句的壓縮表達，注意抓住主旨句進行主要詞匯的提煉，把一個句子提煉為幾個關鍵詞，即是對主旨大意進行概括歸納的標題。而作者意圖表達必須通過歸納中心主題才能找到，通常體現為advise，convince，present，purpose，warn等。

(二)細節題

1、細節事實題題干常見的問句形式

1)True or NOT true 是非判斷類型Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following statements is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT considered as……? According to the passage， which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for……?

2)特殊疑問詞提問類型

How many……?What/who/when/where/how/why……?

3)排序題類型Which of the orders is correct according to the passage?

4)例證題類型The author gives the example in……paragraph in order to ……

5) 表唯一細節概念題類型：……the most / ~est …………the only ……

2、細節事實題的解題方法：

做這類題的一般方法是先要找出題干或是選項中的關鍵字，一般為數字、大寫或人名地名，再通過scanning快速確定該細節在文中的出處(信息源)，仔細對照題干要求，排除或選擇。命題者在出這類題時慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對原句細微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結構進行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關鍵。細節事實題還要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定語、狀語、補語等，這些成分都是出題者常進行誤導的落腳點。

是非判斷一般都遵循對照選項進行“三對一錯或三錯一對”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，要學會找出其主干部分，分析句子結構，正確理解信息句的意義。一定要注意的是，要所答是所問，不要受到慣勢思維的影響，習慣性地去選擇正確的細節事實，切記要弄清問題，不要所答非所問。

例證題一定要注意以for example……，such as……等關鍵入手處，找出細節出處。排序題要先仔細觀察選項，找出首尾相同的選項分組，進而通過具體細節信息比較進行排除和選擇。唯一細節題一定要仔細審題，弄清題干所需。特別需要提醒的是，選項中出現有most (最高級)、the only(唯一)、all(所有)、none(全否)修飾的細節，都具有絕對性，選擇判斷時要慎選。

(三)推斷題

此類題的關鍵是要注意原文出現的語句不是我們做出的推理判斷，而是原文給出的細節信息，所以原文語句不能選。判斷時對已知的事實仔細評價后做出的合理決定并非唯一決定，要對事實進行合乎情理的判斷，有時還需借助常識進行判斷。

推理判斷題分兩種，即對細節的推理和對主旨的推理。主要以We can infer / imply / learn from this passage that ……等進行提問。解決此類題要注意，一是與原文相同的細節不能選，二是文中沒有出現的細節不能跳出文章做推斷。解題過程中只要注意上述兩點，再結合做細節和主旨的方法，即可以做出推理判斷題。

(四)猜測詞義題

猜測詞義題主要考查學生根據上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。一般情況下，推斷詞義的題目中所出現的單詞，大多數是學生未曾見過的生詞，學生需要在該詞出現的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義，然后將這個釋義代入文中，檢查是否貼切，仔細比較直到得出該詞的確切的含義。

1.通過因果關系猜詞

通過因果關系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：

You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯)，可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。

2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞

通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happy and gay，即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根據not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

3.通過構詞法猜詞

在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。

4.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義

例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.

從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折號等來表示。

5.通過句法功能來推測詞義

例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。

6.通過描述猜詞

描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。

三、做閱讀理解題型的注意事項

1、試題各小題所提供的四個備選項，有的是語法、結構上有錯誤，有的是與短文意思不相符。解題時要把有結構、語法錯誤的先排除，再考慮是否符合短文內容。

2、對短文中的生詞或看不懂的句子，應大膽根據構詞法及上、下文意思進行猜測，尤其對涉及文中某個詞或某個句子含義的選擇試題，要根據文章所闡述的主要內容及上、下文內在邏輯關系，大膽分析推斷，去偽存真選出正確答案。

3、對于涉及文章主旨、大意、作者意圖及短文標題等選擇試題，雖然短文中沒有直接說明，可統觀全文，通過短文所提供的材料或聯想短文材料以外的常識，如結合已學過的自然、社會科學知識加以綜合理解、分析推測或按作者的思路進行推理，從而且推斷出正確答案。

4、做選擇試題時一般先做在文中能直接找到依據的細節題，后做主旨題、推理題。這樣在對語篇有更多領悟的基礎上再進行推理判斷和概括總結，把握性就更大。

5、閱讀的順序一般是先讀短文，再看題目，然后逐題作答。若文章較長，也可以先將測試題目通覽一遍，然后帶著問題閱讀文章。這樣對與答題有關的段落、句子反應敏感，而對其他與答題無關的部分可以不必花費太多時間，閱讀速度就可加快些。

四、“先題后文”做題時應注意

1. 先讀題時只能是讀其問題或題干，而不能讀問題后的選項，否則不僅浪費時間，而且也無法記住眾多答案所表達的眾多信息。

2. 在讀題之后，要把這些問題記在心里，并帶著這些問題去閱讀短文，關于這一點考生是要經過反復的訓練才能形成能力的，因為短文后的這些問題本身所表達的信息并不象短文那樣有情節，也不象短文那樣連貫，所以有不少同學在開始試用這種方法時，往往先讀了題之后(尤其是當問題較多時)再讀短文時，又忘記是什么問題了。

3. 帶著問題讀短文時，對短文中出現的那些與問題有關的詞句，你可以用一支鉛筆在短文中作些記號，以便為下一步選擇作好準備，但也要注意不要每讀到一個與問題有關的信息點就停下來去對照后面的問題，因為這樣轉來轉去要耽誤一些時間，另一方面有些問題往往要通過對短文的全面了解才能作出結論，而不能僅僅從一、二個信息點作出判斷。

4. 帶著問題讀完短文之后，接著便是選擇理解題的答案。雖然你是帶著問題去閱讀短文的，但也并不是說你在閱讀時帶去的問題全部得到了答案，也可能有些還沒有把握(尤其是一些主觀理解題)，這時你同樣要帶著這些“疑題”去跳讀短文(具體做法參見上面的“先文后題”的有關說明)。

五、如何猜測閱讀理解題中的生詞詞義

詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎的基礎。我們必須掌握教材中所學所有的單詞和詞組;了解構詞法知識，如熟記一些常見的前綴、后綴，以及詞語的合成和轉化等;并且要進行大量的課外閱讀擴大自己的詞匯量。要閱讀需要一定的詞匯量，同時在大量閱讀的同時不僅可以復習學過的詞匯而且還可擴大自己的詞匯量。盡管如此，在閱讀中還是不可避免會遇到生詞或者熟詞生義，在英語閱讀理解試題中猜測詞義也是必不可少的題目，因此，我們必須學會如何猜測詞義。任何一個詞語，在一定的上下文中只能表示一個確定的詞義。據此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時，我們可以從以下幾個方面來考慮：

(一)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義

A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.

A. makes everyone know a secretB. the woman bout a cat

C. buys a cat in the bagD. sells the cat in the bag

在這篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個新出現的短語，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret”根據這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應為A。

(二)根據情景和邏輯進行判斷

As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.

A. stopB. cutC. killD. fly

根據文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會去制止。因為制止打架斗毆是警察的職責。根據這一推理，答案應該是A。

(三)根據并列或同位關系猜測詞義

There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?

A. 自來水B. 大氣C. 冰川D. 蒸汽

從語法上看，steam和hot water是并列關系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關的，是同一類物質。在所給第四個選項中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。

(四)根據背景和常識判斷

The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird. Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.

A. studies birdsB. loves creaturesC. majors in habitsD. takes care of trees

Ornithologist 這個詞從來沒有見到過，但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個對鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，并細心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來的這個人給我詳細解釋了鳥死的原因，說明這個人非常懂鳥。據此，我們可以斷定答案應是A.

六、

利用“主題句”解答中考英語閱讀理解題

閱讀理解比較有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是圍繞一個中心意思展開的。而這個中心意思往往由一個句子來概括。這個能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學會尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點：(1) 概括性強：表述的意思比較概括。(2) 結構簡單：句子結構較簡單，多數都不采用長、難句的形式。(3) 受它支撐：段落中其他的句子是用來解釋、支撐或發展該句所表述的主題思想。在一篇短文或一個段落中，大部分主題句的位置情況有三種：

(一)主題句在段首或篇首

主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當普遍。一般新聞報道、說明文, 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。例如：

All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.

第一句即是主題句。這個句子概括了本段的中心意思：“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開其他的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個鏈環消失，所有的食物都會斷掉。所有這些事實都是圍繞第一個句子展開的。

(二)主題句在段末或篇末

用歸納法寫文章時，往往表述細節的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對前面細節的歸納總結或者所得出的結論。例如：

If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.

這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實，最后一句是對這兩個事實的概括：有些價錢便宜的衣服比價錢貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個句子就是主題句。

三、無主題句

有時，一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句。這時我們應該怎樣來確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個中心來展開的，或者說是來說明一個問題的。這個中心或這個問題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。

Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.

Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?

Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.

Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.

這篇短文表面看起來沒有主題句，那末怎樣來確定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的說明，我們先找出每一段的大意：第一段講的是killer bees的產生。第二段講的是 killer bees 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕 killer bees 的原因。第四段講的是 killer bees 已經殺死的人數和將來的狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞 killer bees 這一中心展開的。換句話說，killer bees 就是這篇文章的主題。

七、提高初中英語閱讀訓練的六種方法

1、講究閱讀方法

(1)依據主題句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心展開并且由段落組成的;段落之間有著內在的緊密聯系，而表達段落主題的句子叫主題句，通常置于段落的開頭，有時在段落末尾和中間;其它的句子是用來說明和闡述主題句的;若把一個個主題句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同時還可以回避、排除個別生詞、難句(等困難信號)所帶來的干擾，但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中，因而要綜觀全文，對全文有一個透徹的理解才行。

如：

My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.

On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.

We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (巖洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.

This passage mainly talks about ______________.

A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center

B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center

C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center

D. how to go rock-climbing and caving

[參考答案B] 上述這段短文的中心是說明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，還有組上的其他一些成員一起在活動中心度周末的一些活動以及感受。

(2) 掌握具體事實和重要細節：閱讀文章時，要求學生養成辨認和記憶具體事實、重要細節的習慣。因為具體事實、重要細節是主題句的擴展、補充、說明或例證，是用來支持和說明中心思想的，而且是閱讀理解測試的重要組成部分。

如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.

Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士樂). She thinks jazz is really cool.

“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”

But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (輕松的) music,” she says. That’s why she likes country music, I think.

①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.

A. it’s an exciting part of our lives

B. it’s an amazing part of our lives

C. it’s an important part of our lives

②What kind of music does the writer like?

A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.

③Who likes dancing?

A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.

④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.

A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing

⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?

A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.

這是幾道重要事實和細節的辨認題，全是圍繞短文的主題句“Different people have different ideas about music”來展開說明的，起補充舉例作用。答案分別為 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。

(3) 運用構詞法、語境線索等幫助來推測關鍵詞義：在閱讀文章的過程中，常常會遇到一些生詞，如果不懂得這些詞義就會妨礙理解，但大部分生詞的詞義是可以根據上下文，結合構詞法、借助文章中的語境線索幫助在理解基礎上猜測其詞義，這有助于加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀理解能力。如：

Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.

“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.

A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蝕 D. 霜凍

根據前面的語句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills.解釋可以推知erosion是一種自然地理現象，即“侵蝕”，答案為C。

2.訓練閱讀速度

在閱讀中，我們或多或少會碰到一些生詞和不熟悉的短語，這些生詞和短語會妨礙我們對文章中心的理解，但我們總是查閱詞典也會影響閱讀的速度。為了不查詞典又能破解生詞詞義，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根據構詞法判斷詞義。如：This material is unreadable.中 unreadable是生詞。學生可以根據詞根 read ，知道 un和 able分別為前綴和后綴，那么 unreadable的意義就不難猜測了;還可以培養學生根據生詞與上下文的關系來猜測其意義。生詞所在的句子、段落會提供很多的暗示和線索，依據這些暗示和線索就可以理解生詞的詞義了。如：同義詞反義詞線索;解釋性線索;例證性線索;標點符號線索等。如：

A. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

定語從句中的looks after sheep 就解釋了 herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。

B. Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.句首的 like(像)這個語境線索說明：句中的gregarious與 likes to make friends意義相近。

通過這些方式可以幫助學生加快閱讀速度，進一步提高閱讀正確率。

3. 改進閱讀方式

(1)預測：培養學生依據文章標題(副標題)、插圖以及相關的背景知識和社會生活經驗，對文章的大致內容預測以及可能涉及到的詞匯，然后閱讀文章的第一段，并對自己的預測進行驗證、糾正，同時抓住主題句、關鍵詞，從而更好地從整體上去理解和把握文章的中心。

(2)略讀：指導學生快速瀏覽全文，領會文章大意，辨析文體，掌握篇章結構，進而抓住文章的中心。

3)查讀：指導學生在瀏覽全文的基礎上進行查讀，以回答個別事實細節性的問題。有些細節性的問題不能直接在短文中找到答案，必須進行必要的綜合、歸納、轉換才能獲得，也就是要在直接可獲得的事實和細節的基礎上經過綜合、歸納、轉換間接地獲得所需要的事實和細節。它通常涉及數據、時間、人稱、代詞的指代、動作的行為的關聯、動作行為者與承受者、地點和空間、表態方式、因果、條件、內涵與外延等。如：

One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center.

“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please.”

The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”

“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”

Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right.

“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”

①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.

A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better

② Mrs. Wilson _________ in the end.

A. spent more money B. paid less money

C. lost some moneyD. saved a little money

這兩個問題都是細節性問題，但又不能直接從文章中得出答案，要經過分析和計算間接地獲得事實細節。①選C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的話“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②選A。Mrs. Wilson 在超級市場買的東西是便宜的，但返回時由于東西多結果打的士回家將打的士的費用攤進去就高于節省的費用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end.

4. 擴大英語閱讀量

目前初中英語教科書所提供的閱讀量較以前有較大幅度的增加，在題材、體裁的選取，功能與話題的設計方面均注意到多樣化和廣泛性;內容貼近學生實際，教師可以立足教材閱讀材料指導和訓練學生閱讀方法與技巧，教學語言知識和指導學生掌握句法、語法，擴大詞匯量，培養閱讀興趣，幫助學生奠定一定的英語閱讀能力。但教材中的閱讀量離大綱和課標要求的閱讀量遠遠不夠。課標五級閱讀要求規定：除教材外，課外閱讀量應達到15萬字以上。因此教師要督促學生精讀泛讀結合，通過廣泛的閱讀不僅有利于學生擴大詞匯量，豐富語言知識、開闊視野，開拓思路，還有利于了解英美等國的文化背景、生活風俗、思維習慣及英語特有的語言表達方式，從而提高閱讀理解能力。

泛讀時，要求學生對閱讀材料中的各種語言現象不作全面精細認真的分析，而是根據已掌握的語言知識盡快地獲取所需要的信息。

5. 強化閱讀訓練

(1) 指定閱讀范圍：教師按學生的英語水平將其分成不同的組別，選擇與之相適應的英語讀物(配有一定量的問題)，分別規定閱讀的范圍，要求他們課外自行安排時間，帶著問題快速閱讀，并規定一個較寬松的期限進行檢查。

(2) 進行閱讀指導：對學生閱讀過程中遇到的疑難，教師要及時答疑輔導，以幫助學生順利閱讀。但要注意從學法上多加以指導，幫助和引導他們自行分析和解決問題。

(3) 檢查閱讀效果：到了規定的閱讀期限教師可以通過口頭練習和筆試結合的方式分組檢查學生閱讀任務完成的情況。口頭練習以學生回答有關問題、講述閱讀文章的心得為主;筆試檢查要求學生完成正誤判斷題，選擇題，填空題等。

(4) 展示閱讀效果：利用英語課外活動，通過開展書評、辯論會、演講會等活動來展示不同組學生課外泛讀的成果。分A、B組評論讀物;討論讀物的人物特征、主要情節等，讓學生在寬松的氛圍中各抒己見，互相交流，從而促進學生閱讀時積極思考，認真閱讀，同時加深對讀物的理解，培養表達能力。

6. 加強評估指導

通過評估測試可以檢測學生閱讀理解實際能力與水平，可以摸清學生的強項與不足，從而為進一步培養學生閱讀能力提供依據。教師要充分發揮閱讀測試的指揮棒作用。閱讀測試文章選材要廣泛多樣，篇幅要恰當，難易要適中，從而確保閱讀測試的信度和效度;在題型設計上做到主觀性題型和客觀性題型兼顧，并針對學生平時閱讀中反映出來的重點、難點與疑點，避免題型過于單一以及偏題、怪題現象，更不能片面追求試題難度。客觀性測試題要能通過閱讀文章直接找到答案;主觀性測試題要能在閱讀短文后通過上下文，運用聯想、比較、歸納、分析判斷文章的隱含意義。測試后要認真進行分析和總結，做到發現問題及時解決，以便進一步提高。

（A）

 

With miles of beaches，sea and sunshine，Pattaya(芭堤雅) is one of the most popular places for visitors to Thailand.It provides many kinds of entertainment for both young people and the whole family.There is always something to do，any time，any weather，any day or night.

Orchid(蘭化) Farms are a worthwhile visit and if you are thinking of taking some of these beautiful plants home，visit a day or two before you leave to make sure that you will have live plants when you get back.You can also get great orchids in a sealed(密封) bottle that will last as long as your memory.

Pattaya Elephant Village is another place that you can not miss in Pattaya.It is a good place to learn and understand how elephants have been linked into Thai life and history over the centuries.You can also take an elephant trek there.Show time allows the elephants to display their skills，such as playing football.

You can also feed a tiger at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo(斯里拉差龍虎園).There you will learn more about tigers.You can take photos with them.You can also enjoy elephant and crocodile shows at the zoo.

根據短文內容，選擇最佳答案。

( ) 1.What is Pattaya famous for in Thailand?

A.Beaches.

B.Sea.

C.Sunshine.

D.All of the above.

( ) 2.Whenever you go to Pattaya，it can provide many kinds of entertainment for ________.

A.both young people and the whole family

B.both old people and the whole family

C.both young people and kids

D.both parents and kids

( ) 3.Where can you get beautiful orchids in Thailand?

A.Beaches.

B.Pattaya Elephant Village.

C.Orchid Farms.

D.The Sriracha Tiger Zoo.

( ) 4.Which animal do you see at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo?

A.Foxes. B.Elephants. C.Lions. D.Monkeys.

( ) 5.The passage mainly tells us ________.

A.Pattaya is one of the most popular places for visitors to Thailand

B.you must buy some beautiful orchids in Thailand

C.Pattaya Elephant Village is the only place that you can not miss in Pattaya

D.if you visit Thailand，you must visit the Sriracha Tiger Zoo

B

()

When my family moved to America in 2010 from a small village in Guangdong, China, we brought not only our luggage, but also our village rules, customs and culture. One of the rules is that young people should always respect(尊敬) elders. Unluckily, this rule led to my very first embarrassment in the United States.

I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant. One time, when I was serving food to a middle-aged couple, the wife asked me how the food could be served so quickly. I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly. As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure. My manager, who happened to hear what I said, took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive(敏感) Americans are and how they dislike the description “old”. I then walked back to the table and apologized to the wife. After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry.

In my village in China, people are proud of being old. Not so many people live to be seventy or eighty, and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge and experience. Young people always respect older people because they know they can learn from their rich experience.

However, in the United States, people think “growing old” is a problem since “old” shows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well. Here many people try to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging, and women put on makeup, hoping to look young. When I told the couple in the restaurant that I respect the elderly, they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stay young. I had told them something they didn’t want to hear.

After that, I changed the way I had been with older people. It is not that I don’t respect them any more; I still respect them, but now I don’t show my feelings through

words.

By Jack

根據以上短文內容，然后從每題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳選項。

1. Jack brought the couple their food very fast because _______.

A. the manager asked him to do soB. he respected the elderly

C. the couple wanted him to do soD. he wanted more pay

2. When Jack called the couple “elderly”, they became _______.

A. nervousB. satisfiedC. unhappyD. excited

3. In Jack’s hometown, _______.

A. people dislike being called “old” B. people are proud of being old

C. many people reach the age of seventy or eighty

D. the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants

4. After this experience, Jack _______.

A. lost his job in the restaurantB. made friends with the couple

C. no longer respected the elderly D. changed his way with older people

5. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. The more Jack explained, the angrier the couple got.

B. Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience.

C. The manager went back to the table and apologized to the couple.

D. From this experience, Jack learned more about American culture.

（C）

Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.

So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.

Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common(共同的) interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.

When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!

根據以上短文內容，然后從每題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳選項。

1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is _______.

A. rich B. famous C. young D. lonely

2. Jean thought “David” was special because he _______.

A. made her quite happy on QQB. was from San Francisco

C. sent her a picture of himselfD. was tall and good-looking

3. When Jean and “David” met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised?

A. “David”.B. Both “David” and Jean.

C. Jean.D. Neither “David” nor Jean.

4. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A. Don’t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily.

B. People don’t use their real names on QQ so often.

C. Don’t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.

D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.

 

（

D

Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.

When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding (婚禮) and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address (地址) Unknown. ” I had no idea how to find Linda.

Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share (分享) happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.

One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but J still wrote to her.

She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”

Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!

根據以上短文內容，然后從每題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳選項。

1. The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans _______.

A. at the age of 13 B. before she got married

C. after they moved to new homes D. before the writer’s family moved away

2. They didn’t often write to each other because they _______.

A. got marriedB. had little time to do so

C. didn’t like writing letters D. could see each other on special time

3. There was an empty place in the writer’s heart because she _______.

A. was in trouble B. didn’t know Linda’s address

C. received the card that she sent

D. didn’t have a friend like Linda to share her happiness or sadness

4. The writer was happy when she _______.

A. read the newspaper B. heard Linda’s voice on the phone

C. met a young woman who looked a lot like Linda

D. wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman

5. They haven’t kept in touch _______.

A. for about 40 yearsB. for about 27 years

C. since they got married D. since the writer’s family moved away

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