來源:網絡資源 2023-09-23 15:57:41
知識梳理
一、名詞的種類 專有名詞和普通名詞 專用名詞:國名、地名、人名、月份、節日、團體、機構名稱; 例如:China,Mary,Jim, America, England 普通名詞分為:可數名詞、不可數名詞 可數名詞又包含個體名詞和集體名詞;
個體名詞
book, student,teacher, pen
集體名詞:family, class,team, group
二、名詞的數
1.規則的名詞復數形式:
(1)一般情況在詞尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
(2)以s,x,ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches
(3)以-f或-fe結尾的詞,變-f和-fe為v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives
(4)以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories
(5)以元音字母加y結尾的名詞,加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days
(6)以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞:
hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
一般加es ,外來詞或縮寫詞,加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos
(7)以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
2.不規則的名詞復數形式:
(1)改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women,foot-feet,
goose-geese, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice
(2)單復數相同
sheep, deer, fish
(3)通常以復數形式出現
trousers, clothes, thanks, chopsticks, glasses, noodles, vegetables,fireworks, jeans, dumplings, congratulations
(4)一些集體名詞總是用作復數
people, police
(5)部分集體名詞即可以作單數(整體)也可以作復數(成員)
class, family, crowd, couple, group, team
(6)表示“某國人” ①加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Romans, Europeans
②單復數同形
Chinese, Japanese
③以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men, -women
Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen, Frenchwoman- Frenchwomen
(7)合成名詞或名詞性定語時 將主體名詞變為復數
boy friends,girl students, housewives, policemen
將兩部分變為復數
women singers, men scientists, women doctor, men workers
(8)以-s結尾,但實際上是單數或不可數名詞
physics, mathematics / maths, the United States, news
3.既可用作可數名詞又可用作不可數名詞,但詞義不同的詞
:
glass:可數名詞,玻璃杯;不可數名詞,玻璃。
room:可數名詞,房間;不可數名詞,空間。
chicken:可數名詞,小雞;不可數名詞,雞肉。
fish:可數名詞,魚;不可數名詞,魚肉。
exercise:可數名詞,習題;不可數名詞,鍛煉。
light:可數名詞,電燈;不可數名詞,光。
change:可數名詞,變化;不可數名詞,零錢。
time:可數名詞,次、倍;不可數名詞,時間。
orange:可數名詞,橙子;不可數名詞,橙汁。
work:可數名詞,作品;不可數名詞,工作。
數不可數名詞的復數形式表示特殊的意義:
time:時間;times:時代。
sand:沙子;sands:沙灘。
paper:紙;papers:論文、試卷。
fruit:水果;fruits:各類水果。
hair:頭發;hairs:幾根頭發。
wood:木材;woods:樹林。
glass:玻璃;glasses:眼鏡。
food:食物;foods:各種食物。
4.不可數名詞及量的表達、修飾可數名詞的詞
(1)初中階段學過的不可數名詞
water, tea, milk, orange, ink, rain,
snow, weather, juice, fruit, coffee,
food, salt, rice, meat, bread, cotton,
homework, housework, money,
knowledge, news, information,
chalk, progress, traffic, oil, air
(2)用a piece of這類定語+名詞 a piece of paper, a glass of water, a cup of tea, a bag of rice, two kilos of pears,much, little, a little, a bit of等修飾不可數名詞
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
(3)many, several, few, a few, a couple of , a number of , hundreds of, thousands of ,millions of等修飾可數名詞
There is less and less water on the earth
He made fewer and fewer mistakes.
(4)a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough, some, any即可修飾可數名詞又可修飾不可數名詞
There are a number of students living in the village.I have a lot of stamps.We don't have enough time.
三、名詞所有格
名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加's構成,二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。
1. 's所有格的構成
Eg:the boy's father Jack's book
the teachers' room the twins' mother
the doctor'smy uncle's (表示“某人家”,“店鋪”,所有格后名詞省略)
【注意】分別擁有和共同所有
:
eg:Lily's and Lucy's rooms
(莉莉和露西分別擁有一間房)
Lily and Lucy's room
(莉莉和露西共同擁有一間房)
2 .'s所有格的用法
(1)表示時間
eg:today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday
(2)表示國家城市等地方的名詞
eg:the country's plan, the world's population
(3)表示度量衡及價值
eg:a mile's journey, ten minutes' walk
3. of所有格的用法
:
用于無生命的東西:
the legsofthe chair, the coverof the book.
用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:
the book of the students sitting near the window
4.雙重所有格:
a friend of my father 's,
several classmates of Tom 's,
a friend of mine
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